非常规战争与战争形态的演变

进入21世纪以来,非常规战争成为国际社会关注的焦点。在理论谱系上,学术界已经对非常规战争的内在本质、基本特征和行为模式进行了深入研究,提出了一些富有创见的理论。在这些研究的基础上,作者认为非常规战争所呈现出的形态及其战略战术与以往相比有了重要变化,凸显了克劳塞维茨式战争逻辑之外的一面,即战争中的弱者通过非常规方式增强自我力量、通过非常规方式向国家行为体施加成本来战胜强者的隐性逻辑。基于这种隐性逻辑,从非国家行为体的视角重新审视战争,可以发现非常规战争中的作战方式已经使得战争形态发生了四点巨大变化:战争的形态越来越不清晰、战争的胜负之分变得模糊、战争正变得越来越扁平化以及战争伦理受到侵蚀。当前的大国竞争并不会削弱非常规战争的地位,在某种程度上甚至会凸显其独特战略意义。因此,探究非常规战争的隐性逻辑,既有助于我们理解战争形态的变化,也有利于国家行为体据此调整相关战略战术。     

Informal Property Rights as Relational and Functional: Unravelling the Relational Contract in China's Informal Housing Market

In the face of state-led land grabs, enterprising Chinese peasants have started a revolution in the ambiguous and insecure rural tenure system by developing an extralegal property system known as the small property right (SPR). Using the SPR, peasants are able to capitalize on their property through the sale of houses built on collectively owned land. Little is known, however, about the specific process behind the development of the SPR by the peasants, or how this extralegal property system functions in terms of securing the use and transfer of property without the backing of law. This article aims to clarify the situation through the lenses of the Endogenous Nature of Institutions and Relational Contract Theory, aiming to understand the socially constructed, endogenous and relational nature of the property rights that make SPR functional. Based on an ethnographic investigation of Beijing's largest SPR housing settlement, we show how enterprising peasants develop long-term relational contracts with urban households for the provision of housing services, secured on the basis of the common interests and symbiosis of the two parties and a reputation system that serves to deter defaults. The discretionary treatment of SPR housing by local states serves as a further motivation for the village and the informal homeowners to preserve a stable property arrangement, with such a specific institutional setting being an exemplar of China's pragmatic state entrepreneurialism.     

EPC项目投标报价方法及影响因素研究

我国EPC总承包商在投标报价时面临设计深度不足、施工过程不确定性大等风险,导致其投标报价的难度相较于传统承发包模式更大,为保证总承包企业在EPC项目中能够获得最佳的收益,本文在EPC总承包项目投标报价特征的基础上,分析投标报价的内容及其计算方法,并对EPC总承包项目投标报价的影响因素进行识别与阐述,最后辅以工程实例进行说明。研究结论为总承包企业在EPC项目中的投标报价起借鉴作用,进而促进我国EPC总承包模式的健康发展。     

小费的性质与合约安排

本文运用新制度经济学以及微观经济学理论，结合实际观察所得，对旅游业中的小费制度进行了经济学解释。基本结论是，小费是企业对难以完全清晰界定或降低而留在公共领域里的产权(先占权利)的一种间接定价，目的在于降低企业因交易而面临的机会成本，其多样化的合约安排则是交易费用约束下企业降低交易费用努力的理性选择。相应的政策建议是，作为一项过渡性制度安排，我国旅游业中的导游应实行强迫性小费制度。     

论风景名胜区特许经营合同

风景名胜区特许经营合同属于行政合同，首先具有公法性，同时也兼具私法的特征，公法原理和部分私法原理均是其存在的法理基础。风景名胜区特许经营合同的基本内容必须体现它的法律性质，在强调公共利益至上的基础上，将公共利益与被特许人追求经济利益的权利相统一，依据经济利益平衡原则来确定合同双方的权利和义务。     

应对分时度假信用危机的法律思考

文章在分析我国分时度假信用危机的阶段性特点的基础上，剖析了分时度假各方的法律关系和责任归属。文章还具体提出了解决分时度假信用危机的法律对策：确定分时度假购买合同为法定的附期限合同；由旅游行政管理部门对分时度假开发商资格进行限定和建立相应保证金及保险制度；杜绝虚假承诺行为的立法建议；合理分配签证风险等。     

Perceptions of the Ethical Work Climate and Covenantal Relationships

Employees perception of the existence of a covenantal relationship between themselves and their employer indicates that they believe there is a mutual commitment to shared values and the welfare of the other party in the relationship. Research suggests that these types of employment relationships have positive benefits for both employees and employers. There has been little research, however, on the factors that determine whether such relationships will develop and thrive.In this paper, we suggest that the organizations ethical work climate may be an important factor affecting employees perceptions about the nature of the relational contract between themselves and their employer. Specifically, we argue that work climates emphasizing benevolence and principle will be associated with covenantal relationships. Conversely, we believe that work climates emphasizing egoism will make it less likely that covenantal relationships will develop between an employer and employee.In order to test our hypotheses, we collected data from 194 employees of a large retail department store. The employees perceived their work climates in terms of principle (laws and professional codes) and benevolence, but to a lesser extent also believed that egoism (self interest) concerns characterized their climate. After controlling for demographic and job-related variables, we found (as expected) that measures of principled and benevolence climate were positively associated with covenantal relationships and that a measure of egoistic climate was negatively associated with covenantal relationships. In the final section of the paper, we discuss the implications of these findings for research and practice.     

Integrating the Ethical Dimension into the Analytical Framework for the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises in China's Socialist Market Economy: A Proposal

The discussions about the reform of state-owned enterprises are so far dominated by economic and legal considerations while the ethical dimension of this highly complex problem is being barely addressed explicitly, much less developed systematically and integrated into a broader analytical framework for companies in China. This paper is a proposal to introduce this kind of ethical considerations. First, the main features of the reform of state-owned enterprises are briefly summarized and a number of critical issues are identified. Second, the "balanced concept of the firm" is presented and compared with other approaches to corporate ethics in chiefly Western literature (discussions on "corporate social responsibility", the stakeholder approach, and social contract theories). Finally, the relevance of this "balanced concept of the firm" for the reform of state-owned enterprises is briefly discussed.     

政府绩效审计评价指标体系研究

绩效审计评价指标体系是对绩效评价内容的一般性概括,它制约着绩效审计资料的收集方法,影响着绩效审计技术的运用。我国政府绩效审计评价体系尚处于初步发展阶段,其存在着评价指标过于简单、体系缺乏应变性、考核关系不合理、可操作性差等问题。应遵循客观性、可比性、完整性、动态性等原则,借鉴现有相关理论结构,充分考虑定性指标、定量指标以及评价标准的选择等多方面因素,构建适合我国经济发展的科学评价体系,以推动我国公共管理效率的提高。     

信誉资本与会计诚信契约的自动履行

由于受到 "成本--效益"因素的制约,会计诚信契约的强制履行不可避免存在履约盲区,信誉机制在会计诚信契约的自动履行中的作用不可或缺.信誉机制对会计诚信契约自动履约范围大小由会计规则执行者的私人履约资本决定,因此,建立一个有利于私人履约资本生成和积累的社会制度环境是提高会计诚信水平的重要途径.